Study And Overview Of Multinational Banking - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2000 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction : Banks have always been a topic of great discussion as well as great importance. The Banks have been an integral part of the whole economy of the country and hence add greater value to its existence. However, the past suggests that the banks have broken their domestic shackles and entered different markets in foreign countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study And Overview Of Multinational Banking" essay for you Create order Global banking has then emerged as one the most important and biggest industry in the world. This was primarily because of the assessments made by bank management on the growth and profits associated with globalization. In the current scenario, almost every bank internationalizes its operation sooner or later and hence makes it even more important to understand the associated concepts in globalization policy. The research is to propose a well scrutinized description of its determinants and risks associated with it. A further emphasis is given in regards to the risks of multinational banking as the past decades have experienced a lot of banking crises which many regard as an adverse effect created by diversification of banks. Studies in the past have more been on the FDI made by Multinational corporations in trade industry however less has been written about FDI in banking industry even though they have been neck and neck with the other industries in terms of globalization with banks such as HSBC, ICICI, JP Morgan, Citibank, Royal Bank of Scotland and Barclays heading the way. The massive banking industry makes it very difficult to conduct a complete study of all its aspects and hence the key aspects of its globalization have been considered and researched. The involvement of the author in a research related to the study of multinational banking is caused because of the following reasons: Firstly, banking industry has been a key sector in the economy of any country and the success of a country has at times also depended on the functioning of its banks. Secondly, the author has immense interest in the banking field and has always been fascinated by the activities and operations of banks across the globe. Lastly, the personal interests of the author in the globalization field as how and when have firms entered foreign markets. Hence, the investigation of cross country banking industry has made the study very appealing The primary objective of thi s study is to investigate and highlight the determinants for the growth of multinational banks and to develop an integrated approach to explain the phenomenon of multi nationalization of the banking industry. Also, to intricate the risk associated with multi nationalizing of banking operations. The primary consideration underlying the study is the fact that most of the research and resulting hypothesis are confined to manufacturing and extractive industries. Indeed, lack of empirical studies on multinational banking was also highlighted by Aliber (1984) in the only survey of the literature on this subject. The following are the specific questions that have been dealt and explained in the research study: What are the key determinants behind a bank opting for globalization of its activities? Why do some banks and not others adopt this policy? Why is foreign rather than domestic operation advantageous in serving foreign markets? What are the risks associated with globalizin g of banking activities? What are the key considerations in terms of which host country to invest and globalize activities in? The research strategy, design and methodology provide the reader with an in depth view into the framework of the research process undertaken for this study. A separate section has been created called Research Methodology which analyses all the various techniques used in the research such as a research design, difference between the various types of research and the ethod adopted. Also, it highlights the sample used for conducting the primary research and also the research method adopted to collect the primary data. The primary data to brief it up has been collected through a qualitative in depth interview covering a sample of five management level interviewees from banks of UK as well . This chapter starts of with the significance of the commencement of the study highlighting the key reasons behind the selection of the topic and includes a backgroun d to the study as well as the personal interests of the researcher which further motivated the specific research. Also, the chapter lays down the aims and objectives of the research with a brief introduction to all chapters included in the study. This chapter has been further divided into two chapters. Chapter 2A stresses on the multinational banking industry as a whole and lays down the definitions and the key characteristics of international banking. Also, it highlights the various entry method options available to a bank in entering specific foreign markets. Chapter 2B then emphasizes on the growth of this industry and reasons behind its outburst. Determinants and risks associated with global banking are discussed in the next section. The chapter ends with a schematic conceptual model developed by the researcher to diagrammatically explain the multinational banking phenomenon. This chapter has been prepared to give insight to the way the whole research has been conducted. T he chapter starts of with a strategy of adopting the form of research design and then follows a pattern of discussing, differentiating and selecting among the various options available in conducting the research such as qualitative or quantitative, primary or secondary, questionnaire or interview. The chapter then lays down the difficulties faced by the researcher in his research. Before this chapter, the research has been primarily been related to collecting secondary data from literature resources and primary data from the sample selected for the survey. However, this chapter deals with the analysis and interpretations of the collected data. Hence, the chapter becomes even more important for the correct interpretation of all the data collected. This chapter has been divided into several sections putting light into all aspects discussed in the research method. Also, this chapter explains the information collected from the survey which is then compared and contradicted with the l iterature. This chapter then explains the conceptual model shown in the literature review chapter. The chapter summarizes the whole research process by laying down the key findings. It further highlights the answers suggested in the study for the aims and objectives laid in the introduction. The chapter further suggests how this study could be used in the banking field and how this research could be enhanced by the future researchers. To conclude the researcher expresses few recommendations to the management in the way the globalization of banking is conducted in the modern era. The key contents of the study have been laid down in this chapter to give an idea of what the study has been conducted for. The aims and objectives of the research have been briefly explained. Also, the research has been more of a personal interest as the study topic has been captivating for the researcher. The second chapter now focuses on the literature in the field of global banking highlighting the key findings and views made by the early researchers. LITERATURE REVIEW: Introduction to Multinational Banking This chapter explores critically the literature that has surrounded multinational banking for the past few decades. The literature has been divided into 2 parts. The first part (A) explores the multinational industry as a whole with a detailed explanation of its key characteristics and the modes of entry a bank can apply for it globalization. Whereas, part (B) highlights the background and the growth of multinational banking as a major industry in the world business followed by a scrutiny of its key determinations and risks. Concept of Multinational Banking This chapter emphasizes on the concept Multinational Banking and the various aspects related with it. The chapter is divided into four sections to make it simple and clear. The chapter begins with the basic meaning and definition of a multinational bank and the types of multinational banks. The second Section then highlights the key characteristics of MNB. The modes of entries for a MNB are then discussed illustrating the various ways in which a bank can internationalize. The chapter finishes with the concluding comments in fifth section. Definition of a Multinational Bank (MNB) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Multinational banking involves the ownership of banking facilities in one country by the citizens of anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? [Baker and Bradford (1974), Baum (1974), Lees (1974 and 1976) and Robinson (1972)]. The definition of a MNB is subject to an array of interpretations and is also used interchangeably with terms such as International Bank or Transnational Bank. Broadly, a multinational bank can be classified as an institution through correspondent relationship, foreign direct investment or direct lending to customers from home offices that engages into cross country banking. In many instances, however, multinational bank is used to refer to a bank with physical presence outside its home country through a branch, an agency, a wholly or a majority owned subsidiary, or a bank formed by merger of two or more banks based in different countries and not the ones with a correspondent relationship or a representative office. Robinson (1972) defined Multinational banking as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“operating a bank in, and conducting banking operations that derive from, many different countries and national systemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. A multinational bank can be compared to a multinational company and can be classified as a financial multinational corporation as they enjoy similar advantages and disadvantages in host country. However, this theory can only be applied to commercial bank that engages in local banking activities in the host country and hence competes with the native banks. Whereas, a Multinational corporation can little be compared with the bank that operates in the super national markets such as Euromarkets as they do not compete with the local indigenous banks. (M.K Levis 1987). H. G Grubel (1977) was one of the first authors who offered a general theory to explain the existence of multinational banking. He argued that MNB had three different types, which needed different explanations. The first was the multinational retail banking, which entered for eign markets to serve local customers through the same local deposits and loans facilities as domestic banks in the host countries. The second category was the multinational service banking, which consisted of banks servicing the requirements of corporate clients and expatriates from its home economy in foreign markets. Lastly, the multinational wholesale banking, it involves taking large deposits, and the making of large loans and investment. It is worth mentioning that Hoschkaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1993) similar definition of a multinational financial services corporation (MFSC) is confined to firms that provide banking services. In his view à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the fact of possession of a representative office in a given country does not imply that the owner of this office may be called an MFSC, as it merely serve a liaison function for a parent firm but cannot actively operate in the host marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However, the definition the researcher has used for the multinational bank is of any bank which internationalizes it operation. (Jones. G) After we have discussed the related literature on multinational banking in the chapter two, this chapter discusses in depth the research strategy, design process and the methodology used for investigation. It provides the reader with an insight into the various methods and techniques used for this study. The main discussed issues are based on the proposed stages of the research process by Antonio as shown in the table below: 1. Problem Discovery and Definition 2. Research design 3. Sampling 4. Data collection 5. Data processing and analysis 6. Conclusion The stages of the research process Antonio à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Exploring Marketing Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, USA: The Dryden Press Problem discovery and definition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The formulation of the problem is often more essential than the solutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Albert Einstein. According to Malhotra and Birks (2003), problem definition can be defined as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the general problem and the identification of the specific components of the marketing research problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Problem discovery and definition is regarded as the primary method in any research and also one of the most important. Therefore, it is very important to understand the nature, scope and limitations of the problem in order to avoid any misinterpretation and to make it understandable to marketing decision makers and marketing researchers.

The Victim Care Program For The Criminal Justice System Essay

The victim care program is an important resource that helps victims in the criminal justice system. Refugee and immigrant victims can find it hard to deal with the criminal justice system in the United States. This program is designed to assists these individuals in the court system. This paper will focus on the Victim Care Program in Fort Wayne. An evaluation of this program is aimed at understanding its role and effectiveness. The data provides by Victim Care Program will help to evaluate the worth of the program. Understanding these roles will help to create recommendations that can help to improve service delivery in its operations. Keywords: Crime, victim care programs, immigrant refugees Victim Care Program in Fort Wayne Crime Victim Care in Fort Wayne deals with immigrant victims by ensuring that their needs are professionally met. The program’s mission is â€Å"to bring wholeness to immigrants and refugee families who experience brokenness due to violence, crime, addictions, mental health, abuse, and neglect.† The Vision statement is to provide for â€Å"the healthy integration of non-English speaking immigrants and refugees as contributing members of society† (Retrieved from http://cvcin.org/history/). The Fort Wayne Crime Victim Care (CVC) stakeholder includes immigrants, refugees, the legal institutions, as well as the government. Immigrants and refugees are supposed to be invested in the program because many of them find it difficult to understand a criminalShow MoreRelatedThe Articles Of Cullen And Jonson1240 Words   |  5 Pagespunish criminals and how much should they be paid for the punishment. The article explains, 1 in every 100 American adults is behind bar and 1 in 31 is under someone form of correctional control. 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Due to Assembly Bill 109, probation practices have substantially increased. In order to accommodate a proficient environment for prisoners, in 2011, the United States Supreme Court ordered California to drastically reduce itsRead MoreCrime Prevention Concepts and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Cpted) and Other Such Preventative Programs.1713 Words   |  7 PagesCRIME PREVENTION CONCEPTS AND THEORY, SUCH A S CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED) AND OTHER SUCH PREVENTATIVE PROGRAMS. First to start developing the item on the prevention of crime we must have the concept that is a crime. The crime can be defined as the action consisting of acting or doing, is a positive, which implies that the person or agent performs one or more body movements and commits the violation of the law by itself, or by instruments, mechanisms or persons. We canRead MoreTraum Trauma And Its Effects On Mental Health1141 Words   |  5 PagesTrauma-informed Care Trauma-informed Care involves identifying youth with trauma by assessments and treating trauma through cognitive behavioral treatment models.8 Juvenile prevention and re-injury programs look to routinely screen for trauma exposure, the programs use culturally appropriate evidence-based assessment and treatment for traumatic stress and associated mental health symptoms; and make resources available to children, families, and providers on trauma exposure, its impact, and treatment

Essay about Developing My Critical Thinking Skills

Given the especially large number of students you see each semester, I dont expect any recollection of my presence in your COMM150 class-- I certainly wasnt an exemplary enough student to have left any lasting memories (which is both good and bad). But I wanted to share with you a small anecdote, because four years later Ive realized that your class served as an important catalyst in the development of my critical thinking abilities. As a freshmen at the Altoona campus, I took your class on a whim because I needed a Comm class. Of course I was confident (re: cocky) in my abilities, so I didnt study for exams and ended up in a bad place part-way through the semester. Thats when you offered an extra-credit assignment that required†¦show more content†¦I didnt get it then--but I certainly do now. Do the Right Thing is a 1989 film by Spike Lee. According to Entertainment Weekly, it is one of the 25 most controversial films ever. It was deemed culturally significant by the Library of Congress in 1999, and then placed in the National Film Registry. The story follows the lives of citizens of the Bedford-Stuyvesant District in New York City, on the hottest day of the summer, and what they do to cope with the heat. To summarize the entire plot—it ends in a riot. I’d like to analyze some of the situations found in the movie, and discuss how, if at all, it related to race relations in America. When watching the film, I wasn’t overly interested in the plot. Nothing interesting happened (until the end of the movie) and there was nothing that made me (as a viewer) intrigued to continue watching. What I found important, however, was the character portrayals in the movie, and this is what kept me watching. I’m not sure what Lee wanted from this movie, because t o me, it seemed as if he was being a) overtly racist towards non African-Americans, and b) stereotypical of his own race. 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Nectar in a Sieve Free Essays

D AP World History Theme Analysis Our world is impacted by many things. Social structures, politics, economics, the environment, and our interactions affect how we live. They create the history of our world. We will write a custom essay sample on Nectar in a Sieve or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Nectar in a Sieve, many of these themes are represented. Gender roles and relations have always had an impact in societies. Men often believe they have the upper hand over women. It shows in the way females are treated. When Rumi was married to Nathan, she had to leave her family and go to his land. He didn’t have to live where show comfortable or on a neutral territory. Young women are often uprooted from their family and rarely see them again. When Ira had a child out of wedlock, she was looked down upon by many. However when a man does the same, there is no judgment and criticism. Nate impregnated Kunthi twice yet Rumi took him back without a problem (p. 84-85) Agricultural and pastoral productions are the center of life for millions of humans. The same can be said for the characters in Nectar in a Sieve. In the village, farming is how most survive. They live off the land. Without the land, there’s no income or food. They sell their crops, give their profit to the landlord, and save a portion of the crops for their families. Rumi and Nathan grow a variety of crops. When nature doesn’t work in their favor, their lives become difficult. Often the crops are ruined by droughts. During these times everyone struggles to survive. Rumi’s family became malnourished when the rains didn’t deliver. Her son, Kuti died from starvation. p. 99-100) The importance of the land is shown when they lose their land and homelessness is forced upon them. (p. 130-135) Land represented hope for Rumi. (p. 132) Without agriculture, the villagers would not survive. Trade and commerce is one of the main ways humans gain what they need. In Nectar in a Sieve, trade controls who has what and who survives. The tannery is the center of commerce. Villagers come to buy and bargain. As the year s past, Rumi watches the tannery change, for worst in her opinion. It becomes harder to sell, trade, and buy because the economics of village change as new people move in. The tannery is looked at as the place of money so two of her sons get jobs there. Rumi resents the tannery because it represents change that she feels is not needed. Although themes look complicated on paper, they fit perfectly into our world and the world in Nectar in a Sieve. Male and females have double standards. Agriculture is the basis of life and survival in the village. Trade and commerce help villagers make money and get necessities to survive. These themes translate into real life. How to cite Nectar in a Sieve, Papers

RN-BSN educational program free essay sample

As you enter your RN-BSN educational program, you are again going through a period of socialization or transformation. As you learn more about the roles of the BSN-prepared nurse, how can you use other nurses with BSNs and higher degrees to help you in your socialization or transformation? What factors are most important as you become socialized as a BSN student? What are your resources in this process? How can this process be most effective? According to the lesson, socialization is the interactive process of developing an identity through learning the knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, and norms needed to perform the role (Chamberlain, 2013). We use our experiences with other nurses in our profession to the set â€Å"bar† of which we need to meet or exceed in our daily roles. I look to the more experienced nurses (BSN or just more time in the field) to help teach me tools of the trade that I use on job. We will write a custom essay sample on RN-BSN educational program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The values they hold and the attitude toward patient care direct me in my ways of thinking, while remaining an independent thinker. I feel that I should never hold myself above my peers, even in a supervisor role, and should learn something new daily. This is one of the things that make the nursing field so diverse and exciting. I can go to work every day and never see the exact same thing twice. I am in this BSN course because I would like to be a role model for other nurses; I want to have the positive attitude to influence the next generation of healthcare providers. We were asked in the lesson this week to review our own philosophy of nursing, as I reflect I feel myself being transformed already as we go through this course. I am happy being a â€Å"bedside† nurse, but I am realizing I do not have to give that up to be a leader. I realize the nurses I work with daily help me transform to be a better RN without even noticing. This is in my mind the ultimate professional socialization occurring in real time. Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2013). Week 3: Framework for Professional Nursing Practice; Nurse as Communicator. Chamberlain College of Nursing Online – Lecture. Retrieved January 21, 2014 As you considered the four central concepts of professional nursing from the lesson, you thought about how each of those is incorporated into your own philosophy of nursing. Select one of those four central concepts, and explain how it is exemplified in your own philosophy of professional nursing. Nursing is defined in the lesson as the care provided to restore or maintain health is the function of nursing. Care is provided to aid the human response to health and illness (Chamberlain, 2013). I find this central concept of professional nursing to be one of the most important concepts in my practice as a nurse. In order to be a good nurse we have to first and foremost nurse. This is not an easy thing to accomplish at the high levels our patients deserve. I take great pride that I am a member of several professional organizations and hold certifications at the highest levels pertinent to my practice. I take the time outside of my job to maintain currency and educational sharpness above and beyond what is required of me at my job, because it matters to the people I take care of. Nurses today are required to take on an ever expansive role as a practitioner. In critical care nursing we are taking care of an ever increasing number of complex sick patients and are required to know far beyond the scope we all learned in nursing school originally. It goes back to our socialization with experienced nurses to help us transition in to the new roles of advanced care providers. The attitude, knowledge, skills, values, and norms needed to perform the role we learned from our peers are important in the central concept of nursing (Chamberlain, 2013). I hope to contribute to my profession with my BSN and lead by example for future nurses to help them learn this important concept. Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2013). Week 3: Framework for Professional Nursing Practice; Nurse as Communicator. Chamberlain College of Nursing Online – Lecture. Retrieved January 21, 2014

Factors that Influence Literacy Acquisition and Reading Achievement

Abstract Literacy acquisition and learning among young children is an important part of child development milestones. However, the rates at which children acquire literacy vary significantly depending on whether such learning is offered at home or at school for the first time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that Influence Literacy Acquisition and Reading Achievement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although environmental factors can influence learning, parents and close family members play the greatest role in a child’s literacy acquisition. Various researches have established that parent-child interactions encourage children to master language cues early in life, thus contributing significantly to subsequent learning ability during formal education. This paper will discuss how the interaction between children and parents influences literacy acquisition during pre-school years and later in life. M oreover, the paper will highlight some alternative factors that contribute to literacy acquisition, including environment and community in which a child grows. Finally, the paper will highlight some contrary arguments that tend to downplay the role of parents in children’s learning at home and at school. How do parent-child interactions support children’s acquisition before formal school? Literacy acquisition starts early in life and it is highly influenced by the interaction between children and immediate family, especially parents. The extent of exposure to language and literacy is usually a significant contributor to achievements at school. When an ideal learning environment is created, it is likely to enhance learning and reading ability. Factors that may predict success in reading and accomplishment in school include verbal language, coding of alphabets and mastery of print.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fir st paper with 15% OFF Learn More This success also requires setting clear standards to monitor the outcome, as well as developing relevant curriculum and teaching preparedness to factor the needs of early learners (Strickland Riley-Ayers, 2006). Effective provision of pre-school education study shows the importance of caregivers’ role in learning needs of children, which are influenced by their socio-economic status; this has an effect on development of language and literacy, as it expands children’s minds (Stone, Silliman, Ehren, Apel, 2006). When parents take an active role in determining a child’s literacy acquisition, there is likelihood of a greater success, since most of learning takes place before the formal schooling begins (Verhoeven Snow, 2001). Zygouris-Coe (2001) points to the need of literacy intervention in the early years of life. This is further supported by findings of other literature on behavior, which point to the diversity and the role of parents in language acquisition. Evidence shows that the mother-child bond created every year would enhance communication skills. This is likely to be shaped by the home environment that babies and toddlers are exposed to during their first two years, thus influencing their performance when they start formal schooling. This environment is influenced by social factors within the family. Nevertheless, families that are not financially endowed are likely to have minimum opportunities for language advancement. Therefore, the report recommends the need for recognizing the influence of home and communication environment in shaping acquisition of language and literacy (Hamer, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that Influence Literacy Acquisition and Reading Achievement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first and the second language mastery requires an interactive environment that supports langua ge development. This will depend on the frequency of parents’ communication with children, which plays a vital role in expansion of language acquisition. Therefore, children should be given a chance to communicate their needs and interact freely at all times. Nevertheless, pre-school learning should help in shaping the experience of knowledge in real life situations. Gains in early literacy are closely linked to children learning from their association with family members. The relationship formed becomes the basis for deciphering meaning from activities learnt during pre-school years. Children would always want to interact with the rest of the family by communicating their interests (Lynch, 2007). Moreover, evidence shows that good reading skills are developed by constructing facts that are related to learners’ experience at home. When difficulties are encountered in the course of learning, they are likely to contribute to reading deficiency. Indeed, learning at school tends to follow from child’s early experiences before entering the formal schooling. Children who had memorable learning experiences from early years are known to have a good grasp of vocabularies, thus demonstrating that early reading experiences shape the success of children in reading. Nevertheless, there are arguments that when efforts are not made to engage children early in life, they might be at risk of reading problems (Lylon, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Verhoeven Snow (2001), students’ abilities to read depend on the extent of parents’ involvement during pre-school ages. When this collaboration is delayed, children are unlikely to gain benefits anymore. The authors recommend parents to exercise attention in children during initial years of language acquisition with the view of promoting competency in reading. Moreover, there is need to recognize the role that outside learning plays in aiding reading development. Efforts should be made to reinforce verbal cues and recognize finer details that help communication to influence the outcome of learning (Manzo, Manzo, Albee, 2003). In addition, children should be helped to make connection between what they learn in class and other textual information learnt in early years. Children need a conducive learning environment that suits different kinds of their needs. Measures that promote learning at home may be important in determining risks that learners may face. For instance, a shallow background may play a role in hindering learning so that children who are not exposed to print work may face difficulty in reading printed materials. The environment in which learning takes place influences literacy acquisition, especially when learning aids are available and accessible. All in all, families and environment play a crucial role in helping children to acquire skills that help them in early education (Douglas, 2010). Communities also tend to promote learning by adopting certain measures such as promoting collaboration between schools, society, and families through volunteering and mentorship (Spedding, Harkins, Makin, Whiteman, 2007). They also encourage language support development for underprivileged families to aid in literacy development. Other measures include policy issues to promote development of early childhood education targeting population of children who are disadvantaged to acquire reading skills by fostering an enabling learning environment. Research in learning needs of pre-scholars is important in order to establish different knowledge and skills requirements; this would subsequently promote conceptual learning that enhances mastery of vocabulary and comprehension. In conclusion, parents and families play a great role in promoting language acquisition among children before they join formal education. The relationship between parents and children creates an enabling environment for children to master vocabulary of their native and the second language. However, the environment which the child is exposed to plays a role in literacy acquisition. Therefore, it is important to ensure the right learning aids are present, in addition to enhancing community interaction to facilitate learning process. References Douglas, E. (2010). Innovations in Child and Family Policy: Multidisciplinary Research and Perspectives on Strengthening Children and Their Families. Plymouth, England: Lexington Books. Hamer, C. (2012). NC T Research overview: Parent-child communication is important from birth. Web. Lylon, G. (2000). Why some children have difficulties learning to Read. Web. Lynch, J. (2007). Learning about Literacy: Social factors and reading Acquisition. Web. Manzo, A., Manzo, U., Albee, J. (2003). Reading Assessment for Diagnostic-Prescriptive Teaching. NY, USA: WADSWORTH Incorporated FULFILLMENT. Spedding, S., Harkins, J., Makin, L., Whiteman, P. (2007). Investigating early Literacy learning in family and Community centre. Adelaide, SA: Office of Early Childhood and Statewide Services. Stone, C., Silliman, E., Ehren, B., Apel, K. (2006). Handbook of Language and Literacy: Development and Disorders. NY, USA: Guilford Press. Strickland, D., Riley-Ayers, S. (2006). Early Literacy: Policy and Practice in the preschool Years. Web. Verhoeven, L., Snow, C. (2001). Literacy and Motivation: Reading Engagement in Individuals and Groups. London, England: Routledge. Zygouris-Coe, V. (2001). Emergent Lite racy. Florida Literacy and Reading Excellence (flare) Centre. Web. This essay on Factors that Influence Literacy Acquisition and Reading Achievement was written and submitted by user Leonard Nash to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Homeschool If You Work Outside the Home

How to Homeschool If You Work Outside the Home If you and your spouse both work full- or part-time outside the home, you may think homeschooling is out of the question. Although having both parents working outside the home does make homeschooling trickier, with efficient planning and creative scheduling, it can be done. Here are some practical tips for successfully homeschooling while working outside the home. Alternate Shifts With Your Spouse Perhaps the most difficult aspect of homeschooling when both parents work is figuring out the logistics. This can be especially tricky  when young children are involved. One of the easiest ways to ensure that there is always a parent at home with the children is to alternate work shifts with your spouse. Alternating shifts also helps with school. One parent can work with the student on a few subjects while he or she is home, leaving the remaining subjects for  the other parent. Maybe Dad is the math and science guy while Mom excels at history and English. Splitting up the schoolwork allows each parent to contribute and to work to his or her strengths. Enlist the Help of Relatives or Hire Reliable Childcare If you  are a single parent of young children, or you and your spouse are unable or unwilling to alternate shifts (because that can  put a strain  on both the marriage and family), consider your childcare options. You may want to enlist the help of relatives or consider hiring reliable childcare. Parents of teens may decide that their kids can stay home alone during the parents’ working hours. Maturity level and security concerns should  be taken into serious consideration, but it is often a viable option for a mature, self-motivated teen. Extended family may be able to provide childcare and oversee schoolwork that your child can do with minimal help and supervision. You might also consider hiring an older homeschooled teen or college student to provide childcare if there are only a few overlapping hours in the working parents’ schedules. You may even consider exchanging child care for rent if you have extra space available. Use Curriculum That Your Students Can Do Independently If you and your spouse are both working  full-time, you’ll probably want to consider homeschool curriculum that your children on their own, such as textbooks, computer-based curriculum, or online classes. You might also consider mixing independent work that your children can do during your work shifts with more activity-based lessons you can do in the evenings or on weekends. Consider a Co-Op or Homeschool Classes In addition to the curriculum that your kids can complete on their own, you might also consider homeschool classes and co-ops. Many co-ops do require that the parents of the kids enrolled to take an active role, but others do not. In addition to regular co-ops, many areas offer group classes for homeschoolers. Most classes meet two or three days per week. Students enroll in and pay for the classes that meet their needs. Either of these options can meet the scheduling needs of working parents and provide in-person teachers for core classes and/or desired electives. Create a Flexible Homeschool Schedule Whatever you decide to do as far as curriculum and classes go, take advantage of the flexibility that homeschooling offers. For example,  homeschooling doesnt have to take place from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., Monday through Friday. You can do school in the mornings before going to work, in the evenings after work, and on the weekends. Use historical fiction, literature, and engaging biographies as your family’s bedtime stories. Science experiments can make exciting family activities in the evenings or on the weekend. Weekends are also the perfect time for a family field trip. Get Creative Working homeschool families encourage thinking creatively about activities with educational value. If your kids are on sports teams or take a class such as gymnastics, karate, or archery, count that as their P.E. time. Use dinner prep and household chores to teach them home economics skills. If they teach themselves a skill such as sewing, playing an instrument, or drawing during their free time, give them credit for the time invested. Be aware  of the educational opportunities in the everyday aspects of your lives. Split up or Hire Help for Household Chores If both parents are working outside the home, it is vital  that everyone either pitch in to help or that you seek outside help for maintaining your home. Mom (or Dad) can’t be expected to do it all. Invest time to teach your children the life skills necessary to help with the laundry, housekeeping, and meals. (Remember, it’s home ec class, too!) If theres still too much for everyone, consider what you may be able to hire out. Perhaps just having someone clean your bathrooms once a week would lighten the load or maybe you need to hire someone to maintain the lawn. Homeschooling while working outside the home can be challenging, but with planning, flexibility, and teamwork, it can be done, and the rewards will be worth the effort.