Siege of Leningrad in World War II

Attack of Leningrad in World War II The Siege of Leningrad occurred from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944, during World War II. With the start of the intrusion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, German powers, helped by the Finns, looked to catch the city of Leningrad. Savage Soviet opposition kept the city from falling, however the last street association was cut off that September. In spite of the fact that provisions could be brought across Lake Ladoga, Leningrad was adequately under attack. Ensuing German endeavors to take the city fizzled and in mid 1943 the Soviets had the option to open a land course into Leningrad. Further Soviet tasks at long last mitigated the city on January 27, 1944. The 827-day attack was one of the longest and costliest ever. Quick Facts: Siege of Leningrad Strife: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944Commanders:AxisField Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von LeebField Marshal Georg von Kà ¼chlerMarshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheimapprox. 725,000Soviet UnionMarshal Georgy ZhukovMarshal Kliment VoroshilovMarshal Leonid Govorovapprox. 930,000Casualties:Soviet Union: 1,017,881 executed, caught, or absent just as 2,418,185 woundedAxis: 579,985 Foundation In making arrangements for Operation Barbarossa, a key target for German powers was the catch of Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Deliberately arranged at the leader of the Gulf of Finland, the city had enormous emblematic and mechanical significance. Flooding forward on June 22, 1941, Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leebs Army Group North foreseen a generally simple battle to make sure about Leningrad. In this strategic, were helped by Finnish powers, under Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, which crossed the outskirt with the objective of recuperating an area as of late lost in the Winter War. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NHoAbeaFtrCOEpLtcI8RdgpLvYQ=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L08126_Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb-5c7bfd9fc9e77c0001fd5a03.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/6qxT2_0hf3u-s4-b1aiTNEdhnA0=/412x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L08126_Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb-5c7bfd9fc9e77c0001fd5a03.jpg 412w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/c4QH2hEwImAk4wuuoT5ivPWt-tE=/524x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L08126_Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb-5c7bfd9fc9e77c0001fd5a03.jpg 524w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1IHG_SC5U10VfwPO5g06T5BYdz0=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L08126_Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb-5c7bfd9fc9e77c0001fd5a03.jpg 750w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/akGSaTPBiOQhHxTm8Sa5WFxDSDo=/1019x750/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L08126_Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb-5c7bfd9fc9e77c0001fd5a03.jpg src=//:0 alt=Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-8 information following container=true /> Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.  Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-L08126/CC-BY-SA 3.0 The Germans Approach Foreseeing a German push towards Leningrad, Soviet pioneers started strengthening the area around the city days after the attack initiated. Making the Leningrad Fortified Region, they manufactured lines of guards, hostile to tank dump, and blockades. Moving through the Baltic states, fourth Panzer Group, trailed by eighteenth Army, caught Ostrov and Pskov on July 10. Driving on, they before long took Narva and started making arrangements for a push against Leningrad. Continuing the development, Army Group North arrived at the Neva River on August 30 and cut off the last railroad into Leningrad (Map). Finnish Operations On the side of the German tasks, Finnish soldiers assaulted down the Karelian Isthmus toward Leningrad, just as cutting edge around the east side of Lake Ladoga. Coordinated by Mannerheim, they stopped at the pre-Winter War fringe and dove in. Toward the east, Finnish powers ended at a line along the Svir River between Lakes Ladoga and Onega in East Karelia. In spite of German supplications to reestablish their assaults, the Finns stayed in these situations for the following three years and to a great extent assumed a latent job in the Siege of Leningrad. Removing the City On September 8, the Germans prevailing with regards to slicing land access to Leningrad by catching Shlisselburg. With the loss of this town, all provisions for Leningrad must be moved across Lake Ladoga. Trying to completely segregate the city, von Leeb drove east and caught Tikhvin on November 8. Stopped by the Soviets, he couldn't connect up with the Finns along the Svir River. After a month, Soviet counterattacks constrained von Leeb to relinquish Tikhvin and retreat behind the River Volkhov. Incapable to take Leningrad by ambush, German powers chose for direct an attack. The Population Suffers Suffering incessant barrage, the number of inhabitants in Leningrad before long started to endure as food and fuel supplies dwindled. With the beginning of winter, supplies for the city crossed the solidified surface of Lake Ladoga on the Road of Life however these demonstrated lacking to forestall across the board starvation. Through the winter of 1941-1942, hundreds kicked the bucket every day and some in Leningrad turned to human flesh consumption. With an end goal to reduce the circumstance, endeavors were made to clear regular people. While this helped, the excursion over the lake demonstrated very dangerous and saw many lose their lives on the way. Attempting to Relieve the City In January 1942, von Leeb withdrew as administrator of Army Group North and was supplanted by Field Marshal Georg von Kã ¼chler. Soon after taking order, he vanquished a hostile by the Soviet second Shock Army close Lyuban. Starting in April 1942, von Kã ¼chler was contradicted by Marshal Leonid Govorov who directed the Leningrad Front. Trying to end the impasse, he started arranging Operation Nordlicht, using troops as of late made accessible after the catch of Sevastopol. Unconscious of the German develop, Govorov and Volkhov Front leader Marshal Kirill Meretskov initiated the Sinyavino Offensive in August 1942. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_jpZJBSQIgOisuls5h4hCTGVwMY=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Leonid_Govorov_1-5c7bfe05c9e77c00011c83a1.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/AdRzKbhkJFTOnqn7RAr3Sbiq-ys=/411x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Leonid_Govorov_1-5c7bfe05c9e77c00011c83a1.jpg 411w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uVqD9aM3uVpaUW9V01Asiyq0Ias=/522x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Leonid_Govorov_1-5c7bfe05c9e77c00011c83a1.jpg 522w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Dz4EarwneVyfSLBK7fkUnJZ-ZnY=/746x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Leonid_Govorov_1-5c7bfe05c9e77c00011c83a1.jpg 746w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OGOC62IF9A6ddzx7qpoDZg5RwJU=/1024x746/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Leonid_Govorov_1-5c7bfe05c9e77c00011c83a1.jpg src=//:0 alt=Leonid Govorov class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-24 information following container=true /> Marshal Leonid Govorov. Open Domain In spite of the fact that the Soviets at first made additions, they were stopped as von Kã ¼chler moved soldiers planned for Nordlicht into the battle. Counterattacking in late September, the Germans prevailing with regards to cutting off and decimating portions of the eighth Army and second Shock Army. The battling likewise observed the presentation of the new Tiger tank. As the city kept on affliction, the two Soviet leaders arranged Operation Iskra. Propelled on January 12, 1943, it proceeded through the month's end and saw the 67th Army and second Shock Army open a limited land hall to Leningrad along the south shore of Lake Ladoga. Help finally Despite the fact that a dubious association, a railroad was immediately worked through the territory to help in providing the city. Through the rest of 1943, the Soviets led minor activities with an end goal to improve access to the city. With an end goal to end the attack and completely soothe the city, the Leningrad-Novgorod Strategic Offensive was propelled on January 14, 1944. Working related to the First and Second Baltic Fronts, the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts overpowered the Germans and drove them back. Propelling, the Soviets recovered the Moscow-Leningrad Railroad on January 26. On January 27, Soviet pioneer Joseph Stalin proclaimed an official end to the attack. The citys wellbeing was completely made sure about that mid year, when a hostile started against the Finns. Named the Vyborgâ€Petrozavodsk Offensive, the assault pushed the Finns back towards the fringe before slowing down. Fallout Enduring 827 days, the Siege of Leningrad was one of the longest ever. It additionally demonstrated one of the costliest, with Soviet powers causing around 1,017,881 murdered, caught, or absent just as 2,418,185 injured. Regular citizen passings are assessed at somewhere in the range of 670,000 and 1.5 million. Assaulted by the attack, Leningrad had a pre-war populace more than 3 million. By January 1944, just around 700,000 stayed in the city. For its gallantry during World War II, Stalin planned Leningrad a Hero City on May 1, 1945. This was reaffirmed in 1965 and the city was provided the Order of Lenin.

Jane Eyre Persuasive Essay Free Essays

Junie Jeong Mrs. Mesdjian English 2 H 21 February 2013 Jane Eyre Persuasive Essay In the novel Jane Eyre, our hero Jane faces numerous troublesome circumstances that can be understood by various arrangements. In one explicit circumstance, Jane is confronted with a convoluted issue that requests her to conclude either to wed Mr. We will compose a custom exposition test on Jane Eyre Persuasive Essay or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Rochester and live easily while feeling by and by confined or to leave Rochester and start an abrupt life all alone. Jane in the long run chooses to leave Mr. Rochester and flees from Thornsfield, experiencing numerous hardships and in the long run weds Rochester at long last. Albeit numerous individuals may feel that Jane’s runaway was badly arranged and pointless in light of the fact that the final product was comparative, I accept that Jane’s venture away from Thornsfield was significant and huge to her. Numerous individuals accept that Jane would have spared time and vitality in the event that she had hitched Rochester as opposed to fleeing on their big day. This can hold to be entirely sensible in light of the fact that Jane’s runaway brought about a few terrible signs, for example, the Thornsfield manor consuming, the battles of her companions and family members to attempt to discover her, and the despondency of her colleagues, for example, Adele. In the book, Bronte even expounds on Adele’s misery while at school; â€Å"Her wild bliss at viewing me again moved me much. She looked pale and flimsy: she said she was troubled. (Bronte 173)† One can contend that these occasions could have been maintained a strategic distance from if Jane had not fled and hitched Mr. Rochester on the spot. The facts demonstrate that Jane could have spared a lot of time, vitality, and catastrophe on the off chance that she chose to oblige the marriage on her big day. Be that as it may, some of the time, sitting around, vitality, and experiencing grievousness is fundamental all together for a specific result. When Jane left Thornsfield, she was in a delicate passionate stateâ€confused, deceived, and still not sure about herself and her status, both as a lady and financially. Her youth had left her scarred, thinking she was an individual who might and couldn't get love from others, so she was unable to adore others consequently. You never felt envy, did you, Miss Eyre? Obviously not: I need not ask you; since you never felt love. (Bronte 137)† Jane’s venture away from Thornsfield served to gradually change that and manufacture her confidenceâ€the actuality that she had individuals who cherished her and had companions who appreciated her conversation before long hit her with acknowledgment and helped her comprehend that she was an individual who merited love as well. In the event that Jane had hitched before she understood this, she would have felt awkward and limited living with Mr. Rochester, continually believing that she â€Å"owed† him for adoring her, and that she was not meriting his affection. On the off chance that this outlook were continually to be in Jane’s mind, it would bring about a troubled climate for Jane and in the end a despondent Jane. Though, in the consummation, Jane lives joyfully with Rochester realizing that they are rises to. From the second Jane was conceived, she accepted that there were no different family members other than herâ€and that she was separated from everyone else since the time Mrs. Reed had raised her. Jane had consistently wanted for a family, another person to be there other than her. When Jane flees from Thornsfield, she rapidly depends on asking, and the Rivers take Jane in and care for her. Later on in the story, she discovers that the Rivers are Jane’s relativesâ€something Jane has needed since the time she was a youngster. When Jane is carried with news that she has other family, she chooses to part her new fortune into two halves with all her new family members, something she additionally prized, which demonstrated how appreciative she was for her new family. †¦. can't at all envision the hankering I have for brotherly and genuine love. I never had a home, I never had siblings or sisters; I should and will have them now†¦ (Bronte 413)†. With regards to settling on right choices, I trust Jane made the right one when she left Thornsfield. There may have been numerous troublesome occasions she needed to endure, however the final products all took care of when she experienced the upbeat consummation she had consistently wanted. Others may differ and make reference to that the final product was simply the equivalent, and that Jane put and others through an excess of as a result of her choice, that might be valid, yet consequently everybody discovered joy and improved in kind. In the event that she had never left, she might not have had the option to discover her cousins, a genuine blessing she had been longing for since the time she was youthful. I accept the choice Jane made in the story helped her arrive at the best close to home level she could reach, and she picked up satisfaction she would not have had the option to increase through her agonies. Step by step instructions to refer to Jane Eyre Persuasive Essay, Essays

Interagency Intelligent Mangement an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Interagency Intelligent Mangement by Expert Tutor Maya | 21 Dec 2016 Presentation: The harmony and request in the nation is one of the principle errands that most offices should adapt to. In the event that one might want to live calmly in a specific spot there must be a legitimate turn upward on how the spot looks and to see the condition as far as harmony and request. How might one live cheerfully and precise if there was an issue of harmony and request itself in the network. So to guarantee that the network to live with, one should make sure that the spot has a decent laws and approaches that caters those harmony and request issue. Need article test on Interagency Intelligent Mangement point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue This paper covers the capacity of the state to ensure the harmony and request before the danger of the individuals living. Assignment to conceal would be strategies and laws ruin the best to ensure the condition of the country harmony and request. Like for example, team is one office to consider that emphasis on interagency insightful administration. The neighborhood, state, government and military working insight will be one to be inspected. How does the accompanying organization make their laws and approaches add to the harmony and request of the nation. This exploration out perspectives will examine about how interagency team address to the new dangers in harmony and request that was occur in state under the dangers of awful components of the general public. Consequently the team like FBI will have proceeds onward how was the issue is process under their authority. Additionally, taking a gander at the state reaction like USA to the national security framework about dangers of fear mongering. Its neighborhood state in a specific network where assaults occur, that is, analyze the moves done by nearby and the state reaction to the harmony and request issue experience. Additionally, talking about government the executives reaction to the harmony and request issue will be examined preceding strategies and laws followed so as to tackle this harmony and request issue. Polices will be look at as it is executed to adapt up to take care of the difficult which has been confronted. Moreover, the distinctive guard framework in USA, the military team that is attempting to apply the brute exertion they can do so as to handle all the dangers by psychological oppression assaults. Taking into accounts the USA aviation based armed forces sees on to take care of the harmony and request issue. Body of the Paper: One of the offices to take into accounts is the FBI or the government authority of examination, United State division of equity, and the administrative analytical office. It has its own capacity that will examine infringement to the government laws like incendiary acts, for example, psychological warfare, assaults of terrible components in the general public. One of the investigations introduced on how FBI functions as needs be to reacts psychological oppression assaults. The FBI has made an interagency team to facilitate insight and field activities in light of data that al Qaeda intends to assault the United States inside a couple of months, Attorney General John Ashcroft said Wednesday (Strohm, Chris. Interagency team to address new dread dangers.). This formation of FBI is one of the exercises that is consequently will reply to take care of issue of psychological warfare if not the best but rather in any event activity has been made to experience the arrangement on how this fear based oppression assaults be forestalled. Entirely the examinations goes in it making a move like because of the frequency that of the railroad bombings that had occur. The FBI was attempting to partner on how it is forestalled on whenever to happen this railroad shelling to happen. That was occur since it was the on the beginning of political decision and that psychological oppressor against the administration political decision will attempt to demonstrated their dissatisfaction that is the reason assaults in railroads had occur. These terrible components ought to be stop and FBI make a move on the most proficient method to forestall different occasions for those awful components to assault once more. So the partner made by the FBI is to guarantee the national security of the government state. Since it was at that point found that a major percent of fear based oppressor assault had just seen to occur so FBI launce the organizations to partner and stop the more assaults to come soon in the pace which were particularly influenced on that episodes. That is the reason the FBI built up danger team. As a matter of fact its is a national security safeguard that is announced in the unique occasions in the state like summer occasions, and prominent occasions in fall where individuals are so concern this days and even a great many people assembled. So the FBI firmly inspected what is conceivable answer for experience those assaults occur. The reacts of the assembled state to those dangers like fear mongering assaults or the capacity of the unified state to forestall in whatever activities to do by the administration so as to stop or forestall psychological warfare is one of the test to the legislature to beat the answer for as well as can be expected do. The arrangement made by the bureaucratic state like executing strategies, for example, organizations that realizes those approaches in order to actualize the best security policies.To guarantee this strategy is actualized in a planned way, the Concept of Operations Plan, in the future alluded to as the CONPLAN, is intended to give by and large direction to Federal, State and neighborhood offices concerning how the Federal government would react to a potential or real fear monger risk or episode that happens in the United States, especially one including WMD (Study taken from Introduction and foundation. http: www.fas.org). Division of equity or FBI as it is usually kn own to be. The following are organizations conceivable to guarantee the national security power in joined state also. Likewise notice obligations and duties the organizations forced to guarantee harmony and request in like manner: 1. Branch of Justice (DOJ) Government Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The Attorney General is liable for guaranteeing the turn of events and execution of strategies coordinated at forestalling psychological oppressor assaults locally, and will embrace the criminal arraignment of these demonstrations of fear based oppression that abuse U.S. law. DOJ has accused the FBI of execution of its LFA duties regarding the administration of a Federal reaction to psychological oppressor dangers or occurrences that happen inside U.S. domain or those happening in universal waters that don't include the banner vessel of an outside nation. As the lead office for emergency the executives, the FBI will actualize a Federal emergency the board reaction. As LFA, the FBI will assign a Federal on-scene leader to guarantee proper coordination of the general United States Government reaction with Federal, State and neighborhood specialists until such time as the Attorney General exchanges the general LFA job to FEMA. The FBI, with proper endorsement, will shape and facilitate the sending of a Domestic Emergency Support Team (DEST) with different organizations, when suitable, and look for fitting Federal help dependent on the idea of the circumstance. 2. Government Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) As the lead office for result the board, FEMA will oversee and organize any Federal outcome the executives reaction on the side of State and neighborhood governments as per its legal specialists. Furthermore, FEMA will assign suitable contact and warning faculty for the FBI's Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC) and sending with the DEST, the Joint Operations Center (JOC), and the Joint Information Center (JIC). 3. Branch of Defense (DOD) DOD fills in as a help organization to the FBI for emergency the board capacities, including specialized tasks, and a help office to FEMA for outcome the executives. As per DOD Directives 3025.15 and 2000.12 and the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff CONPLAN 0300-97, and upon endorsement by the Secretary of Defense, DOD will give help to the LFA as well as the CONPLAN essential offices, as suitable, during all parts of a fear based oppressor occurrence, including both emergency and result management.DOD help incorporates risk evaluation; DEST cooperation and transportation; specialized counsel; operational help; strategic help; support for common unsettling influences; guardianship, transportation and removal of a WMD gadget; and different abilities including relief of the outcomes of a discharge. DOD has numerous interesting capacities for managing a WMD and fighting fear mongering, for example, the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Technical Escort Unit, and US Marine Corps Chemical Biological Incident Response Force. These and other DOD resources might be utilized in reacting to a psychological oppressor episode whenever mentioned by the LFA and affirmed by the Secretary of Defense. 4. Branch of Energy (DOE) DOE fills in as a help organization to the FBI for specialized tasks and a help office to FEMA for outcome the executives. DOE gives logical specialized staff and hardware on the side of the LFA during all parts of an atomic/radiological WMD fear monger occurrence. DOE help can bolster both emergency and outcome the board exercises with abilities, for example, danger evaluation, DEST sending, LFA warning prerequisites, specialized guidance, guage demonstrating expectations, and operational help to incorporate direct help of strategic activities. Deployable DOE logical specialized help and backing incorporates abilities, for example, search tasks; get to activities; symptomatic and gadget appraisal; radiological evaluation and checking; distinguishing proof of material; advancement of Federal defensive activity proposals; arrangement of data on the radiological reaction; render safe tasks; dangers appraisal; regulation, movement and capacity of exceptional atomic material proof; post-episode tidy up; and on location the executives and radiological appraisal to the general population, the White

Intransitive Verbs Examples

Intransitive Verbs Examples Intransitive Verbs There are two types of verbs-action verbs and linking verbs. Action verbs describe what a subject does. There are also two types of action verbs-transitive and intransitive. Examples of Intransitive Verbs: A transitive verb has an object (Example: Cory threw the ball). An intransitive verb does not have, or need, an object. The sentence is complete with just a subject and the verb. Whether or not a verb is transitive or intransitive will depend on the structure of the sentence more than on the actual verb. Many verbs can be either transitive or intransitive depending on how they are used in the sentence. Examples: Melissa sings songs in the church choir. "Sings" is transitive in this sentence-"songs" is the direct object. Melissa sings in the shower each morning. "Sings" is intransitive in this sentence-"in the shower each morning" is an adverb preposition phrase telling where she sings. Because a transitive verb is often followed by more information-words or phrases that are functioning as modifiers rather than as objects in the sentence-you cannot just assume that if there are words following the verb that the verb is transitive. You must remember to look for an object after the action verb. If there is no object, then the verb is intransitive. Examples of Intransitive Verbs in Sentences Mary cried. Louis eats after every baseball practice. Mrs. Hale thinks on her feet. Sometimes, my mom runs before she goes to work in the morning. The plan worked! The dog chewed on the bone. Elizabeth walked through the hallway to get to the cafeteria. Jenna and Aaron swam yesterday. Don't stop! We must go to the store. We cleaned before going to the movies. It rained last night. The flowers grew beside the front porch of the old house.

Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto and Its Impact on Society...

Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto and Its Impact on Society According to the humanities based themes, autonomy and responsibility are defined as â€Å"the individual person has the ability to make choices; with those choices comes a responsibility for the consequences of those choices.† [i] This can be related to the Communist Manifesto, which was written by Karl Marx in the 1800’s. Even deeper though, it correlates the class struggles that were apparent in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Marx knew there was a division of classes; the bourgeoisie was the wealthy upper class and they proletariats were the lower working classes of Europe. This is where the theme of autonomy and responsibility steps in and†¦show more content†¦Everyday their main goal was to figure out how they were going to get through that day, how they were going to keep their family alive until tomorrow. The decision, although not appealing was quite simple, another day of working under the bourgeoisie. For if they did not do this than they simply did not survive. A proletariat agreed to accomplish what was asked of him or her; there was no other way around it. Thus, a necessity to speak up and work for changes was found in the people after going through enough unfair treatment and disrespect that no human being deserves. â€Å"Marx preached the fiery rhetoric of class warfare, explaining to the mesmerized workers that revolution was not only the sole answers to their difficulties but was indeed inevitable.† [iii] Before the time where an urge to revolt arose, the wealthy had the power. As part of their power, they had to keep things running smoothly. Unfortunately, their ideas of the world as a better place was making the working class do all the labor and in return giving them the least amount of reward possible so they could take most of the revenue into their own hands. The upper class made decisions for the feeble lower class and then it was up to these unstable people to produce the result desired. As far as the bourgeoisie were concerned, there was not anything wrong in the way they were going about life. This was one of the biggest problems at the time. The bourgeoisieShow MoreRelatedThe Great Philosophies From The 19th Century1386 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the 19th century was Karl Marx. The German native born May 5 1818 was known for his works as not only a philosopher but an economist, journalist revolutionary socialist and sociologist. Marx’s different va rieties of work influenced his understanding of society and and the economy during his time period. Once Marx got older, he moved to London England where he progressed his ideas and even collaborate with Friedrich Engels with whom he published numerous works. 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Karl Marx has become one of the most divisive figures in all of human history and he is definitely one of the most influential men to ever live. For years after the publishing of his most enduring work, The Communist Manifesto, Marxist principles changed not just the economy of some of the world’s greatest political powers, but the tone and subject matter of many

Australian English And Its Slang - 844 Words

Nowadays, about 375 million people are native English speakers and more then half of them live in the United States. Also, five more countries use English as their first launguage including the United Kingdom,Canada,Australia,Ireland, and New Zealand. Because English is so widely spoken, there are major varieties of English, such as British English, North American English, Australian English, South African English and New Zealand English (R. Nordquist). In my research paper, I would like to talk about Australian English and it’s slang. Australian English (AuE, AusE, en-AU) is a specific form of English language that is using only in Australia. Aussie English started to differ from British English after the originating of the penal colony of New South Wales in 1788. At that time Great Britain has an overflowing population of prisoners, and British government decided to send different convicts from all over the country, including Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The native-born chi ldren of the colony established the new dialect that later has become the language of the nation. They created an earliest form of Australian English by hearing and mixing up a wide range of accents from all over the British Isles. Also, many immigrants from Europe that came to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria in 1850s during the first Australian gold rushes had influenced on development of a unique Australian dialect. Moreover, some words from Aboriginal language, especially names forShow MoreRelatedLanguage and Identity Are Inextricably Linked. How Is This Reflected in the Current Australian Context?733 Words   |  3 Pagesfriendships with others who share the same common ground. By looking at accents such as Broad Australian English, slang and phonological features as they apply to Australian varieties, we can see how it has forged solidarity and assisted in creating an identity on an individual and national scale. Broad Australian English (BAE) is a language variety unique to Australia. Despite being spoken by a minority of Australian population today, it has a great deal of cultural credibility and how it represents theRead MoreImportance Of Australian English Language902 Words   |  4 PagesAustralian English is a unique ever-changing and evolving speech that illustrates itself through language. Australian english is Australia’s de facto main language. Seperate to the rest of the world, Australian English has developed through centuries with a universal language being established along with unique core Australian values and the Australian identity. The irreverent Australian society is influenced by the convicts which is still relevant today. Australians regard themselves as a multiRead MoreUsing a language to communicate is one of the main forms of connecting and conversing with other1700 Words   |  7 Pagesof another language. As Bucholtz, M.(2000) states â€Å"English will continue to shape the youth styles of other cultures† and â€Å"the process of cultural and linguistic borrowing moves in [two] directions†¦Asia [is] already having a significant impact on American youth, who regularly encounter mediated forms of international youth culture in music, film, and fashion † p 280-283. This is why we have some similarities between different languages. English is one of the main languages spoken around the worldRead MoreLanguage as a badge of identity Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe subsystems. Language is used every day to communicate with one another but beneath that conversation lies another message. The speaker’s use of language gives listeners insight as to who they are, like a badge of identity on their chest. Australian English’s unique phonology and lexicon is recognised globally and distinguishes it from other accents, giving the speaker a clear national identity. Ethno-lects are spoken by a specific group of people who have the same cultural background. TheseRead MoreHow Informal Language Affect Australian Society1272 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss how informal language functions in Australian society. Refer to at least two subsystems. British linguist David Crystal once said â€Å"languages that don’t change are dead ones†, and the evolution of English language; not only in Australia, but on a global scale has developed in such a way that formal language is progressively becoming obsolete, whilst informal language is transforming into an increasingly contemporary form of written and spoken communication. The wide utilisation of informalRead MoreStandard English Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesThe question to ask is: ‘Why not use Standard English all the time?’ Language is a powerful communication tool the user holds to express their individual identity and ingroup solidarity. The use of Standard English helps to direct this, as it acts as the structure of communication, ingroup and between speech communities to effectively present a standard for mutual understanding. Outside of Standard English comes the use of slang, netspeak and textspeak, which helps to develop and enrich the languageRead MoreA Study On Australian Indigenous Art935 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia, but one in particular is Australian Indigenous art, which is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world. Initial forms of artistic Aboriginal expression were rock carvings, body painting and ground designs, which date back more than 30,000 years. After Australia was colonized the sale of artifacts occurred between indigenous and non-indigenous people on a widespread basis throughout south-eastern Australia. The quality and variety of Australian Indigenous art produced to day reflectsRead MoreEssay on Language as Connectivity in a Group1100 Words   |  5 PagesThrough the language features present in slang and jargon, users are able to communicate their social identity and group belonging. They are also able to portray their cultural heritage and background through ethnolect varieties of English. Language plays a crucial part in enabling the speaker to communicate belonging to a specific social group, reinforcing solidarity. The use of slang enables the speaker to reinforce group membership and belonging. Slang is often ephemeral in nature; it constantlyRead MoreLanguage And Its Impact On Children Development1487 Words   |  6 Pageswe view, learn and express language as adults and children. These include the use of language in the social context it is being used from speaking with different people from professionals to friends, the different types of English used from Australian English to Aboriginal English, the impact culture has on language and the understanding and knowledge needed with the impact that oral language has. Teachers need to be able to recognize the impact they have on children development and make sure to supportRead MoreThe Australian and Chinese Cultures: A Comparative Analysis623 Words   |  3 Pagespinpoint what being Australian really is, or to define Australian culture. The best way to approach an analysis of Australian culture may be to compare it with another culture. Chine se culture is equally as complex and diverse as Australian culture, as both countries have a large variety of ethnic groups within their borders. However, in terms of the many aspects of culture such as meaning, language, human activity, lifestyle, works of art, and leisure activities, Australian and Chinese cultures

Cultural Influences At Qantas Organizations - Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Influences at Qantas Organizations. Answer: Introduction: Today in the contemporary global economy one of the most remarkable and visible type of change is the organizational change which can have its impact on the employees, customers as well as the organizational performance. Generally organizational change is a complex process which can have a positive as well as negative effect on employee and performance as a whole. In the given situation, the CEO Alan Joyce of Qantas airlines is facing possible resistance to change within the organization. The author being a member of an external management consultancy team engaged by Alan Joyce has asked to prepare a report on evaluation of Qantas performance since appointment of Mr. Joyce and consider the outcome of the organizational culture on its performance. Then identifying the aspects of Qantas organisational culture that needs change and recommending on the possible measures that can be promoted to foster an adaptive culture at Qantas. Evaluation of Qantas performance since appointment of Alan Joyce: In the cut through competition of the airlines business, CEO Alan Joyce promoted restructuring and improvement in the operations of the Qantas airlines both domestically and internationally. The main objective of this step was to sustain and grow in the competitive airline market. This decision was followed by employee lay-offs, early retirements of aircrafts and exclusion of unprofitable airline routes and only focusing on growth of the organization. As a result, Joyce had to experience a lot of resistance to change within the organization, where his decisions made many employee unions, customers and shareholders angry for not engaging employees during the decision making process and other strategic blunders during that time. Alan Joyce also headed the Jetstar airlines in the Asia-Pacific region which also faced loss in the growing low cost airlines market. He planned aggressive expansion plans in the domestic as well as international market in the Asia-Pacific region which failed t o bring productive results as a result the organization faced more losses and criticism for Alan Joyce. Qantas also lost many experienced and talented employees, who left the organization during that time. According to Porter, employee leaves their managers not their organization and Alan Joyce decision for restricting and improvement in the operations of Qantas increased the employee turnover (Mowday, et al. 2013). Aspects of Qantas organisational culture need changing: According to author, one of the main reasons for bad performance and high employee turnover in Qantas is because of the sudden organizational change. Employee satisfaction and organizational culture has a very complex and crucial relation which is undeniable (Pinder, 2014). In the present scenario one of the major reasons for decrease in employee satisfaction, chaos among employee, shareholders and customers, decrease in service quality and employee turnover is the sudden change in the organizational culture. Organizational culture can be explained as the system of shared values and beliefs which exists among employees which determines how the organization and the employees are going to interact and react to certain situations (Alvesson, 2012). An organizational culture develops a unique brand for any organization that assists the organization to have a competitive advantage. It also identifies principles and actions which enables the employees to understand their job responsibilitie s and duties (Colquitt, et al. 2011). Organizational culture promotes unity and uniformity among employees which let them to learn and grow within the organization (Robbins, and Judge, 2012). So, it is important to understand the culture of the organization before taking business decisions which can affect organization culture. According to the authors observations, Qantas before joining of Joyce as CEO followed a normative workplace culture where employees used to do regular jobs which were pre-stretched and had zero risk in job security. The author has also observed that the sudden anger in the employees for not making them a part of the decision making process also indicates that the former management of Qantas had a well structured employee employer communication process which made employees feel valued and part of the organization. There have been a three staged process to manage organizations cultural change. Firstly unfreezing present activities and behaviour, next promoting and initiating new behaviour and lastly supporting and maintain the new behaviour (Cummings and Worley, 2014). In the present scenario one of the most important challenges for Alan Joyce is to understand and combine peoples interest for the long term benefit of the organization. Recommendations for promoting adaptive culture at Qantas: After studying and analysing the given scenario, according to the author, Qantas needs a culture within the organization which will not only bring the employees in a common platform and team work but also will promote long term strategic growth within the organization. According to the author the following steps are important to promote an adaptive culture at Qantas: Awareness: Most of the experienced and talented employees of the Qantas left the organization because they were afraid of the sudden changes that took within the organization. It is the human nature to fear unknown and uncertainty. It should be the prior responsibility of the management to make aware the current changes that the organization is experiencing and clear individual role in this transition period so that the employees are aware about their organizations situation and not left in ambiguity (Alvesson, and Sveningsson, 2015). The major objective is to promote the importance of team work and increase organizational productivity. Learning: Any change is difficult to adopt initially but with proper training and learning it can be mastered. So, the management should arrange training programs for any change in the system or processes so that the employees do not feel uncomfortable with the new changes. This will promote team work and employee loyalty within the organization. In this typical scenario, the management should adopt the evidence-based approach to successfully handle the ambiguity and change that Qantas is experiencing. The management should be flexible and open to new ideas and situations according to situational demands (Locke, 2011). Practice: The management should initiate and promote practicing its newly adopted changes. Any change takes time to get adopted so the more practice the more comfortable the employees will be with the changes. This will assists in promoting new cultural changes within the organization without much chaos. Accountability: After initiating the changes, the management should evaluate the performance after six months to calculate the difference between the desired result and the actual performance. This will help the organization to understand where it stands and the new changes that should be implemented within the organization. Also, Alan Joyce as the CEO of the organization should change his leadership style from autocratic leader to be more transformational and participative leadership style so that the employee feels that their decisions are well communicated with the management (Schein, 2010). This will promote the team work among employees as it will reduce the workload on individual and encourage working on a common goal (West, 2012). Conclusion: In the above scenario, Alan Joyce is the newly promoted CEO of Qantas group, who took steps to strengthen the operational effectiveness of the organization which resulted in chaos and anger within the stakeholders and customers. As a result the organization experienced poor performance among employees and decreasing customer service and also increases in employee turnover. The author being a member of an external management consultancy team prepared a report on evaluation of Qantas performance since appointment of Mr. Joyce and identifying the aspects of Qantas organisational culture that needs change and recommending on the possible measures that can be promoted to foster an adaptive culture at Qantas. In the report the author has emphasized on team work and employee engagement in decision making and has recommended steps which can be adopted to promote adaptive culture at Qantas. Reference: Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Locke, E. ed., 2011.Handbook of principles of organizational behavior: Indispensable knowledge for evidence-based management. John Wiley Sons. West, M.A., 2012.Effective teamwork: Practical lessons from organizational research. John Wiley Sons. Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Schein, E.H., 2010.Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Colquitt, J., Lepine, J.A. and Wesson, M.J., 2011.Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2012.Essentials of organizational behavior. Boston: Pearson. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press.

Open Versus Closed Innovation free essay sample

Open Versus Closed Innovation BY celestel 979 A Critical Look at the Effects of In the Innovative Firms of the Twenty-first Century June 17, 2010 Abstract In todays fast paced business world, which innovation method should companies adopt, open or closed innovation? In this paper we will explore the methods of closed and open innovation. Then we will explore the pros and cons of both innovation methods and discuss which method works better in the business world of the twenty-first century. After reviewing the results this paper explores the particle implications that innovative firms should be aware of regarding Open and Closed nnovation and recommendations will be made for future research in this area. Introduction Background Looking back even a few decades companies viewed innovation strategies very differently then they do today. It was believed that successful innovation needed internal control and secrecy from others in the market. Large corporations used to dominate the field of innovation because they were the only ones who could afford to invest it large scale RD. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Versus Closed Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Any company that tried to enter the market would have to find large amounts of resources to be able to even attempt to compete with the RD f the large corporations (Chesbrough, 2003; Herzog , 2008; Aylen, 2010; Kodama, 2005; Trott Hartmann, 2009). In the current economy start-up companies have found ways to bypass the large RD investments of the past. Instead of doing their own research these new entrance are getting their knowledge and technology from outside their company by either investing in relevant startup companies, or partnering with other companies up, down or horizontally on the value chain (Chesbrough, 2003). With the expanding options on how to obtain innovative ideas, processes, and products the big question remains should companies used a closed or open pproach to innovation? And does the open and closed methods work for all companies? (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010) In this paper we take a critical look at what closed and open innovation is, what the pros and cons are to both options, and try to determine if one method is better then Closed Innovation The main theory behind Closed Innovation is the belief that successful innovation requires control (Chesbrough, 2003). Companies that follow the Closed Innovation (C) model (see Figure 1) believe in self-reliance and that they should follow these rules to succeed: A firm should hire the best and smartest people Ђ Profiting from innovative efforts requires a firm to discover, develop, and market everything itself Being first to market requires that research discoveries originate within the firm Being first to market also ensures that the firm will win the Leading the industry in RD investments results in coming up with competition the best and most ideas and eventually in winning the competition Restrictive IP management must prevent other firms from profiting from the firms ideas and technologies (Herzog, 2008) Cl companies attempt to do everything on their own from innovative ideas, evelopment, manufacturing, advertising, promotion, distribution, service and even financing. If the innovative ideas or projects are not pursued or are discarded part way they are stored internally and will not be pr ofitable to the company or useful to the rest of the world unless they are used internally at a later date. This creates a great loss of many potentially great innovative ideas, products, services, and processes. If a company chooses Cl it can be expect that many innovations will be lost as companies do not have the ability or resources to turn every idea or technology nto a successful innovation the market can use. The main reason a company would choose Cl would be because they are scared of having their intellectual investments stolen by their competitors (Herzog , 2008; Chesbrough, 2003). [pic] Open Innovation Companies have reached the understanding that not all innovations have to originate internally and that if they do have an internal innovation and do not have the ability to act upon it they can still profit from it by partnering, Joint ventures, licensing or selling the innovation to another company. In Open Innovation (01) companies must ind a balance between keeping important internal secrets and still working with other companies to gain and produce valuable ideas, processes, resources, finances and support (Herzog , 2008). Companies that follow the 01 model (see Figure 2) believe in the following principals: Not all of the smart people work for us, so we must find and tap into the knowledge and expertise of bright individuals outside our company External RD value We dont have to originate the research in order to profit from it Building a better business model is better than getting to market first If we make he best use of internal and external ideas, we will win We should profit from others use of our intellectual property, and we should buy others intellectual property whenever it advances our own business model (Chesbrough, 2003) 01 encourages the Joining of resources from firms across all aspects of the value chain. Companies now realize that innovations they cant use or can be used further by other companies can lead to additional profits that they could have never obtained on their own (Almirall, Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Kodama, (2005) expands 01 even further to talk about creating strategic communities See Appendix 1), a convenient process of speeding up a firms innovation. To be able to quickly acquire a variety of knowledge of great use, managers from different areas, from inside and outside the firm, can make a strategic community with internal and external members, which could involve customers. A huge benefit is that strategic communities are not bound by the same limitations as the official organization. Now that we have explored what Cl and 01 is we will now go on to look at why one of the methods might be better then the other for companies competing in the twenty- irst century and why companies decide to choose one either Cl or 01. Open versus Closed Innovation 01 involves risk such as knowledge and sensitive information leakage and the risks must be weighed against the benefits that would be gained from participating in 01. One more trouble with 01 is that well some areas open up to help the flow of knowledge it has been found that to keep sensitive information secure there has actually been a reduction in the amount of information being share between internal departments which could effect the companies internal innovation (Trott Hartmann, 2009). It has been found that 01 is especially needed in fields such as knowledge-intensive industries where competition is strong and companies need to work together to be able to gain a competitive advantage in the field (Trott Hartmann, 2009). Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, (2010) study showed that 01 works better then Cl for partnerships that are fixed and have low to medium complexity levels but they also found that when there is high complexity involved that Cl is the best method to follow. Another discovery was that the benefits can be greater in flexible partnerships over fixed partnerships. The model of flexible partnerships effectively says, If you cant fgure out how to put the pieces together internally (confgure two subsystems optimally), it is critical to have lots of different pieces (complementary subsystems) to choose from and know how to put them together externally. (Almirall Casadesus- Masanell, 2010) Chesbrough and Crowther (2006; as sited in Aylen, 2010) said that 01 traditional and mature industries. A big contrast between 01 and Cl is how they go through their idea lists. Cl managers go through and proceed with the ideas they see as beneficial to their company and iscard what they see as bad ideas or ideas they know their firm does not have the resources to accomplish. Whereas a 01 manager would go through their idea list and sort them into three categories, innovations their company can pursue internally, ideas they can approach other companies about, and ideas that will not work at all. Therefore the 01 model gets to profit from the ideas that the Cl model would have otherwise discarded or stored for a later date (Chesbrough, 2003). Even though 01 has been adapted by many organizations as the best way to be successfully innovative the theory is not perfect. Trott Hartmann, (2009) point out that 01 is very linear and does not suggest any feedback or feed-forward mechanisms unlike the newer innovation models such as the Cyclic Innovation Model (Berkhout, A], Patrick van der Duin, Dap Hartmann Roland Ortt,(2007), cited in Trott Hartmann, 2009). This newer model suggest feedback and feed-forward techniques and also that the innovation process is cyclic, meaning new innovations grow from older innovations. Cl has been very successful for some companies such as Apple they swept the market with the iPod and this strategy and product put them back into the playing ield after have been struggling for years to catch up with the innovations of other major players. Another example of Cl is the Wii by Nintendo which was extremely innovative with their new product features (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Some very large companies have tried Cl techniques and had some devastating effects as a result, such as IBM and Xerox but both these examples were able to overcome these problems with the help of 01 techniques. Procter and Gamble and Philips have successfully adapted 01 and have gone so far as to hold conferences on he topic and even published their own reports on the subject. Trott Hartmann, (2009) provide a list of companies and the reasons they choose to become part of a strategic alliance (See Appendix 2). It has been noted by Chesbrough, (2003) that near the end of the 20th century a number of things happened that caused Cl to be taken into question by many firms.

The eNotes Blog 3 Tips for TeachingReading

3 Tips for TeachingReading For many students, reading comes naturally. It’s possible your students probably don’t think about how they read- they just do it. So for those who speak and read English proficiently, taking extra time to teach them reading skills may seem redundant. However, all students of English- from those who grew up with the language to those who have acquired it as anotherneed the same skills to read effectively. All too often, these skills are either not established or not reviewed. Lets make sure were supporting all of our students by looking at three tips on how to integrate these reading skills into your lessons. Teach Students to Notice Their Reading When approaching a new text, most students read using two general skills: they rely on information exclusively in the text, or they draw on their own background knowledge. However, neglecting one in favor of the other results in students missing out on the full experience of the reading. Ideally, a student will be able to know when she needs to take information directly from the text or when she needs to rely on background knowledge to comprehend what she is reading. For example, here are two exercises Ive tried to help students notice their own reading: First, I give my students a series of sentences to analyze, such as: Marvin is an engineer, but he likes to paint and draw. He goes out walking, and finds a nice spot, and sits and paints all day. He sometimes meets his friend, Anna. She is a dog walker, and always has dogs with her while walking through the park. There are several elements in the above sentences. While reading through them, I ask my students entirely text-based questions, focusing on pronouns and other grammatical markers: Who is he? What does he do? Who is she? What does she do? While asking these questions, I remind my students that they are actively connecting these ideas in the text. Since they have understood what theyve read, they can answer these questions. In the case that students don’t understand the sentences, give students a visual of the reading process on the whiteboard or through a projector. For example, I usually circle pronouns and draw lines back to what the pronoun stands for, or underline actions and draw those back to the person making them. Tell your students to think about what connections they are making while reading. Second, I find a short poem that has an ambiguous meaning. For instance, I like to use â€Å"One Art† by Elizabeth Bishop. Read out the poem to your students. From there, I begin with the reading comprehension questions above, and then I move into contextual knowledge-based questions like these: Who is the audience? What do you think the narrator means by†¦ What is the overall lesson the narrator is trying to convey? In order to answer these questions, students need to rely on information that is not distinctly present in the text. Make sure to research beforehand the author’s intent of the poem so you can compare and contrast student’s interpretations with the intended meaning. It is very likely that you will get many different answers. When students give different interpretations of the poem, point out that they are using their own background knowledge to understand something. Sometimes, a student may not interpret a poem or a reading correctly, because they lack information. Ask your students to pay attention to when they are placing their opinion and background knowledge onto a reading. This will help them understand when it’s time to do some extra research. Teach Students to Use Reading Strategies The life of a student is filled with huge amounts of reading material. Beyond reading for general comprehension, students often have to analyze, criticize, or memorize- or a mixture of all three! Your students likely know that they need to read a textbook differently from how they would read a magazine or a social media post. To build on this, Ive shared some basic strategies with my students to help them become successful readers. Goal Setting Make sure your students know why they are reading something and what they need to get from the reading. Before starting a reading, I have my students answer the why and what so they know what to expect. Strategic Highlighting Highlighting while reading is a useful strategy- if students know what to highlight. Tell your students to only highlight important facts, keywords, and definitions. I tell them that I even do this myself; the goal is to be able to go back and find exactly what I need to know just by looking at the highlights. There are other levels to highlighting and marking up a text, too. Have your students develop symbols and abbreviations to write in the sidelines to help them easily find things when looking back. For example, I use a circle to show â€Å"an interesting fact,† an X to show â€Å"I don’t understand,† and â€Å"Def.† to point out the definition of a key term. Strategic Note-taking Teach your students note-taking skills such as writing down the page number and paragraph an idea or definition was found in. You may have to battle their dislike of marking up books. To help with this, emphasize how much it helps, and have your students develop their own shorthand, or abbreviations, for keywords that they can use when taking notes. I like to share my own shorthand so they can see how I’ve personally developed a system. Create a Successful Reading Environment Many of us face the challenge of teaching in front of 25, 30, or even larger numbers of students in our classrooms. We know that its difficult to not only make sure they are getting the best experience but also that they’re listening and reading well. How can we help them feel motivated and confident in their reading skills? When it comes to having students read (especially challenging texts), their interest and effort may wane. To counter this, here are some strategies Ive tried. 1. Establish a fun and relaxing reading atmosphere. There are many ways to achieve this, but consider these: Establish an environment where mistakes while reading are OK. When your students feel comfortable making mistakes, they will be more willing to participate in class, read aloud, or share their answers. Make sure that students realize reading is not a race, especially after being given assignments or handouts. Keep tasks organized and clear; this allows your students to better set reading goals when they know exactly what you expect of them. 2. Encourage students to read through open-ended homework assignments. Open-ended homework gives your students a chance to take charge of their own homework, manage their own topics, and read things that they have a personal interest in. When students can read things that they choose, their desire to read may increase. For example, I typically assign tasks that allow students to conduct research on their own topic of choice. I use a prompt similar to this: Think about a topic that you are interested in. Find three articles related to the topic, and write a short summary of your findings. However, if your students need more help finding a topic, have a class discussion to brainstorm research topics beforehand. Another important support activity that I do is help my students establish research skills and a knowledge base of trustworthy online resources that they can draw from. 3. Observation of your student’s reading and comprehension Observing your students’ quirks, issues, and successes with reading is an important skill. When you are able to see patterns with particular students or the whole class, you will better be able to help them succeed. Look for how your students approach assignments, whether or not they take initiative, or if they seem to be struggling with reading certain things. Sometimes, the only thing a student may need when it comes to reading successfully is a pair of glasses! Its important to remember that our students are moving and changeable people. Understanding who they are and how they see themselves in relation to learning is a sure way towards giving them a good classroom experience. Whats more, teaching students how to monitor themselves and to create their own reading strategies gives them autonomy. After teaching these reading skills to my students, they felt more motivated and happy in class.

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection paper - Assignment Example ment concepts beforehand, the scope of the project, as well as the effective planning strategies that his or her team may implement in order to achieve a project success. In any attempt of managing a certain project, specifically in one organization, it is expected that it has always been associated with various risks in the process. Hence, the project manager together with his or her employees should anticipate these risks in advance, and the possible problems that they may encounter in doing the project. With all these in mind, they can have all the chances of finding ways and solutions in preventing them to happen. (McNamara, 2011) Aside from the above given areas, the other aspect that mostly needed is the budget allocation, the financial resources is very essential to be ready by the time that the project starts, for many expenditures may occur as it progresses. Another thing is the time frame that is set for the project; regular monitoring of all activities that pertain to the project must be done; the project must be all set, and ready for delivery to the client’s satisfaction. In view thereof, a project is most likely has a successful outcome, if all the concepts of project management leadership are appropriately applied by a project manager together with his team members. (Symond, 2011) AlexisW (2011) has written in his article that many successful managers has been experiencing success in the respective industries, obviously because they strictly follow the theories and concepts that they learned in the business management course; at the same time, they have put all of them into practice in their own field. No mater what kind of project a project manager is working on, still, he or she needs to apply the three basic concepts in project management. Following important procedures, as well as setting a life cycle on the project, so as applying project management program are essential concepts for achieving remarkable project success. First in

3.2 Smithsons Holiday Tour Proposal Speech or Presentation

3.2 Smithsons Holiday Tour Proposal - Speech or Presentation Example The first date we will set to join the tour to Salvador before flying to Manaus. The location is classic, with a moderate pace and standard comfort. It is appropriate for small groups. At Salvador there are many activities that will be undertaken: On arrival at Manaus on day three, we will have the opportunity to experience the beautiful scenery of the metropolis jungle. The area keeps the picture of the golden times of its peak era during the rubber economic boom. It consists of restored monuments and restored buildings. The city is nestled in the forest and also offers exotic resorts and hotels a convention centre and state-of-art technology. The allure of the paradise is exclusive. The fourth day will be the launch into the Amazon rainforest. The Amazon rain forest is a top area of attraction and has several activities that will engage us. It is located in the state of Amazonas which is the largest in the Brazil region. It is an enormous tropical rain forest that is interrupted by a gigantic network of rivers. It is an elegant tourist destination that gives the exuberance of the jungle when exploring it in an economically friendly manner. On return to Cuiaba, we will commence our journey to explore the wildlife reserve at Pantanal. Pantanal in Brazil is the principal wetland in the whole world. Additionally, it is the best place to consider for wildlife tours in the southern parts of America. The wildlife includes among others monkeys, anteaters, giant river otters, the elusive jaguar, ocelots, anacondas plus approximately 400 species of fishes. The destination is heaven for the birders with a passion for the colourful parrots, large flocks of Jabiru storks. Precisely, more than 650 species of birds live in this location. Indeed, this is a superb destination for an individual who wants to view birdlife and wildlife. A visit to Foz do Iguacu will be

Of The Monetary Model Essay Example for Free

Of The Monetary Model Essay The exchange rate determination in UK is not an exception to the contemporaneous developments in econometric theory in economics field. This is because the economic world today is competitive and dynamic. This competition and dynamism that engulfs the economic arena of exchange rate require keen studies to establish the reliability and validity of monetary models used in determining the exchange rate. United Kingdom enjoys a relatively good and positive economy than other European counterparts. Evidently, sterling pound is strong against the euro and even the US dollar. This is because of the nature of economic structure and policies. In addition to that, UK attracts large quantity of foreign investors due to its open economy. Thus, in policies regarding to monetary policies especially exchange rate determination should be good enough to sustain and attract other foreign investors. It is in this line of thought that this dissertation chapter shall empirically examine exchange rate determination in UK. In order to do that effectively, the paper look forward to validate the monetary model in the determination of the sterling pound exchange rate by applying cointegration methodology. Introduction Exchange rate determination has a long history in the UK, this date back from Bretton wood era when exchange rate was fixed by agreement in relation to United States dollar from 1944 to 1971. However, after the United States government cancelled its undertaking to buy gold at a fixed rate the peg was abandoned. The new approach to exchange rate determination from 1971 was inevitable. United Kingdom and other countries were adopted a float to the currency, such that the price of sterling pound currency in terms of another currency was determined by foreign currency money market. But today, the exchange rate determination regime is based on the exchange rates being adjusted at a regulated rate (Davidson, 1998; Dawson Baillie 2007; Fredrick 1968). Thus, the concern of this dissertation chapter on methodology is concerned about the validity of this regulation of exchange rate. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to empirically assess the relationship between sterling exchange rate with other major currencies and a vector of explanatory variables in the monetary model of exchange rates in order to establish whether the behavior of this exchange rate lends support to the monetary model. This is an interesting area of study in relation to its importance to businessmen, academicians, investors and policy makers. In relation to the importance of the exchange rate determination, Rogoff and Maurice (1996), states that; issues relating to monetary approach to exchange rate is a core area and remains vital to bilateral trade involvement especial to Britain and other nations. In regard to exchange rate determination aspect, the oversight of exchange rate history since 1970s (Richardson1979: 215), there has been a decline in the nominal value and fluctuations of the UK sterling pound in the world market against other currencies like US dollar and Japanese yen. This was as a result of the abandonment of the fixed exchange rates which were applicable across all transaction counters. But during the late 1990s the pound gained strengths due the available trade deficits with its trading partners. In this connection, Laurence, (2005) states that monetary models of exchange rates are to help the economical conscious mind to establish whether there is a way by which exchange rates in the money market enhances support for the monetary models. Literature Review on methodology The monetary approach to exchange rates remains and continues to be a key area for spartial and temporary research in relation to field of international monetary and financial management. Due to this importance, the substantial contribution by xxxxemphasisis that exchange rate is a core area and remains key to bilateral trade involvement. Thus, econometrics scholars emphasize on the proposition of monetary exchange unit as a prerequisite to bilateral trade rather than the transaction between the two trading partners (Davidson, 1998; Fredrick 1968). Exchange rate determination as a monetary exchange unit policy has bearing on the impact of trade and business transaction that may likely to occur between the UK and other trading partners. Therefore as a consequence, various studies have been done that constructs a rich body of knowledge that about the empirical examination of the monetary model in relation to the exchange rate determination in UK. The monetary theory in regard to exchange rates suggests that the nominal exchange rate is determined by contemporaneous excess supplies of money between United Kingdom and the other trading nation. Nations that adopts and adhere to a relatively restrictive monetary policy usually experience an appreciation of their currencies against that of their trading partners, while the nations that adopt and adhere to a relatively expansionary monetary policy experience a depreciation of their currencies against that of their trading partners. Therefore, theory application in practical aspect of econometrics in relation to exchange rate determination helps to project the proportional relationship between the relative money supply and the exchange rates between the bilateral trading nations for a specific period of time. The aspect of the theory that enables it to project the proportional relationship between the relative money supply and the exchange rates between trading partners of Britain, is important and has tangible and intangible implications at levels of policy, empirical and theoretical. For instance, at theoretical level the monetary approach is the basis foundation for United Kingdom open economy. The theory of open economy was adopted from work of Lucas (1982) of open economy quantity theory. While at policy level, the theory has impact on the structural adjustment programs. These structural adjustment programmes are sponsored by IMF, World Bank and exchange rate misalignment in monetary unions that UK is a partner like EMU (European Monetary Union). Due to this domestic and global implication of the monetary model, it has not only been widely accepted, but also widely tested model for exchange rates in econometrics. Rich body knowledge has been contributed by empirical Research conducted by other researchers like Wilford (1980); Haynes and Stone (1981); and Rogoff (1983), in their studies during the period of floating exchange rates to establish support for the model was not in favor of the model, since their evidence did not support the monetary model. While other category of researchers by Frankel, (1976); Billson, (1978); and Downburst, (1979). In their studies during the period of interwar and the periods of flexible exchange rates, the outcome of their results was largely supportive of the monetary mode. In an attempt to explain the reason for poor performance of the model, Rogoff and Meese, (1983); hypothesized that the reasons for poor performance of the model was due to the constraints imposed on relative monies, assumptions of purchasing power parity, incomes, exogeneity of money supply, uncovered interest rate parity, interest rates, and the statistical problems were some of the hindrance that were pointed out. However the new approach to the model that incorporated the use and the development of the cointegration and error-correction statistical technique awakened the research into empirical examination of the monetary model. Despite the renewed anxiety and drive for research to determine the validity of the model, there was mixed results coming from different researchers. For instance, research by Engle and Granger (1987); through employing a two-step cointegration methodology came up with negative response in support for a long-run relationship between exchange rates and the set of monetary variables as projected by standard monetary model. These results by Engle and Granger resulted to a low morale and discouragement for further research. Hoper was found by the research that was conducted by Taylor and MacDonald in 1994, which they used multivariate method of Johansen and Juselius. The results of studies of Taylor and MacDonald supported that the model determine with precision the stylized facts of recent float because the residuals were I (0) (Gardner 2007; Huston 1969; Jonson 1999; James, 2008) and the point estimates are close to their a priori values. In regard to recent work on the model was that which was conducted in the year 1998 by Diamandis. Diamandis employed relatively a more sophisticated approach to the study by using multivariate unit root test, cointegration test and panel unit root test that found a tangible support for the monetary model of exchange rates. Furthermore, Diamandis suggested that unrestricted monetary model is and should be a valid framework for explaining the long-run movements of exchange rates. To elaborate on the literature review, a lot has been covered by various scholars on the monetary model of the exchange rate in the UK and Europe at large. Ranging from empirical studies during the flexible exchange rate periods, during the inter war periods (1970s) in Europe was done by Fredrick (1968) and Huston (1969). While the study and research on floating exchange rates during the post war period was done by Davidson, (1998) and Granger, (2002). Who found that there were constraints imposed (Taylor, Lucio 2003) on relative interest rates, monies and incomes, in addition to assumptions of interest rate and purchasing power parity and exogeneity of money supply within Europe and UK included that lead to the unworthy performance of monetary models in relation to exchange rates determination. Up to the recent work by Diamandis that gave life to the monetary model through his supportive research outcome. The main reason for the high and intensity engagement in the research on the empirical test is all because the empirical monetary model of exchange rate is the most tested propositions in the country’s economic undertakings. Evidently, many scholars have had their take on the empirical determination of the exchange rate determination of which they have coming up with different and mixed empirical results. This paper shall seek to empirically investigate the efficiency, effectiveness, validity and reliability of the monetary model for the bilateral exchange rate between the UK sterling pound and other currencies like US dollar. In order to do this examination effectively, the methodological approach is the use of the Gregory and Hansen (1996); cointegration test.

The Ju-Wasi Experience :: essays research papers

My visit to the Ju/wasi area of Botswana was an eye-opening experience. At first sight, I could not believe they lead an able way of life. The entire society is built around waterholes, and they herd cattle. The idea of a modern village or town does not exist. They do not process their food, and their water is very scarce and unsanitary. Nevertheless, the living conditions of the Ju/wasi rarely inflict any diseases upon them. Rather, it is the Western world that has brought in viruses and bacteria that affect the health of the Ju/wasi the most. Out of all the noticeable problems that afflict the Ju/wasi, however, this was the least visible. The lack of organization among tribesmen, a constant food staple, and a stable economic model are the issues the Botswana government needs to address. In this regard, I agree almost fully with the previous panel that suggested improvements in several of the key areas. First and foremost, organization is key. The government needs to help the Ju/wasi build several villages. This will bring an element of government into the tribe, which will help the Ju/wasi make central decisions about the tribe’s actions. Digging the wells is not essential because a water supply already exists; yet it fits in well with the overall plan of improving the Ju/wasi living conditions. In order to provide a constant staple, the government need not distribute domesticated animals. Instead, they should institute an economic model and integrate tribesmen with Botswana’s job market. The Ju/wasi can then use their new income to finance a food supply or a cash crop. The key is to spend money as efficiently as possible in order to help the Ju/wasi, and my slightly modified plan accomplishes that purpose. Following these guidelines does not guarantee the Ju/wasi a carefree life.

Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression Essay

Patents are contracts between the society and the inventor to encourage development in the field of science and technology. It helps the society by enabling them to utilize this technology, and the inventor by protecting his rights and rewarding him appropriately for this intellectual efforts and innovations. Once a patent is given by the patent office, the inventor has to work the invention by himself or through somebody else by means of an assignment or a license. The patent office does not look at the potential commercial value of the invention whilst giving the patent. The invention should have a specific use and should fulfill what it is meant to do. Many inventions given patents have turned to be commercial failures. However, there are several instances in which neither the patentee has worked the invention by himself, nor has he allowed others interested to do so. This is a very serious situation, because it goes against the very intention of granting the patent. The patent system grants patents only to those inventors who are willing to reveal their invention with others, so that it can benefit society. Some patentees may not work their invention due to several reasons, one of which may be to wrongfully hide or suppress technology from the public. One of the first such cases was the Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. case of 1908. In this case, the patentee had invented a machine that could make a folded paper bag with a rectangular bottom. However, he had not made his invention available to the public, thus preventing others from working the invention. At that time, this invention was a breakthrough, and many people felt bad, because the very intention of giving a patent was not fulfilled. No concrete rules regarding nonuse of patents and compulsory licenses were existent at that time, and everything was left at the mercy of the patent holder. Lower courts also found that the patentee was unreasonable. They in fact tried to draw a line between ‘reasonable nonuse policy’ (inventor unable to use his invention because or some understandable problems) and ‘unreasonable nonuse policy’ (purposefully suppressing technology). However, as no concrete rules existed at that time, the higher court had to give its decision in favor of the rightful owner of the invention. Many breakthrough technologies exist which are being currently suppressed from the public. A plastic that is strong, long-lasting, and can be utilized to make houses that last forever, was granted patents, but not accessible to the public by the owner. New rubber for tires is invented which does not blow up. If this technology could be utilized currently, the lives of many people who die in road accidents could be saved. A new material has been invented for use in toothpastes, which protects the teeth from developing cavities. These technologies are being suppressed due to the anticompetitive intentions of their owners. Some patentees may not use or license their technology so that others may be forced to infringe up on their patents. Lawsuits for infringements could be filed, which could give them earning in millions. An instance of this is a case between Minolta and Honeywell’s, in which Minolta had to pay $127 million to Honeywell for infringing their auto-focus camera patent, although the owners were not using their patent. The patent office should come up with strict rules such that all the patentees have to give an annual report of how their patent is being worked commercially, and in case it is not being worked, the reasons for the same. In case the inventor does not respond, the patent should be revoked. Instances of patent nonuse can be used as evidence in the court, against individuals who indulge in anticompetitive practices. Such practices are strictly considered unlawful under the US Antitrust Laws. The Sherman Act was one of the first such as to protect against unfair trade practices. According to this act, any individual monopolizing or attempting to monopolize, or combines with other people or with other nations to monopolize any trade business in the US, shall be held guilty of an offense under the act. Patent is a monopoly granted to the owner, but they are also contracts between the owner and the public, to permit the later to access the technology. Patent laws are likely to be misused. The exclusionary right (to prevent others from using or making the invention without the license of the owner) is limited and should be more meaningful. The patent system does not give absolute monopoly to the owners. In the case Pfizer V. Government of India [434 US 308 (1978)], the US permitted foreign nations to sue under the Section 4 of the Clayton Act. The Government of India was asking Pfizer to grant licenses for certain broad spectrum antibiotics. However, the company refused to give reasonable licenses. Several antitrust violations such as price-fixing, fraud, market-division, etc were being imposed by the Indian Government against Pfizer and group. The respondents also said that petitioners were trying to limit and monopolize the production, sale and distribution of their patents. The respondents also said that these practices had destroyed businesses. The Company said that the Indian Government could not bring this case forward, as they belonged to another nation. However, the court went on to say that foreign nations could also claim under antitrust laws. The court said that the case was similar to having a citizen having his rights under the antitrust laws being violated. In the case Remington Products V. North American Philips corporation [107 FRD 642, 1985], Remington alleged that the company Philips, a leading Dutch MNC, was indulging in anticompetitive behavior by not disclosing information needed to work the discovery. The defendant claimed that certain clauses in a Dutch statue did not permit disclosure. However, the US court granted the case in favor of Remington saying that the defendant wrongfully withheld information regarding the discovery. The plaintiff had previously approached the defendant to provide information regarding the discovery. However, the defendant refused to give this information needed saying that the information was irrelevant. In the Chevron Research Company’s patent [1970; RPC, 580], the court said that the patentee has to disclose full and relevant information regarding the patent. In the Image Technical Services V. Eastman Kodak Co. [504 U. S. 51 (1992)] provides an association between the antitrust laws and the intellectual property rights regime. Kodak Company had a patent for a photographic device. The case was alleged by companies that serviced Kodak’s products. In this case, a distinction is being made between ‘attempting monopolization’ and ‘attaining monopolizing by exploiting’. The court had to study the market situation to determine if the company was trying to control prices or destroy competition. Kodak in fact monopolized manufacture of components of its photographic equipment and even monopolized servicing of its equipment. The court had said that both patents and copyrights did not come under antitrust laws. An inventor had the right to license or refuse license of his invention. However, a patent owner may be held for developing practices against the antitrust laws (that could destroy competition). The extent to which antitrust laws could be applied to patent laws had to be determined by studying the market situation. The plaintiffs had gathered enough proof that Kodak were trying to monopolize their market situation by limiting the availability of its components to the service companies Nowadays, exclusive license holders may also try to misuse their rights by monopolizing their licensed to make or use the patent. This can be demonstrated in the Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson case. Dr. Michelson had invented a new spinal treatment device and had given a license to Medtronic which manufactured medical equipment. However, the company did not promote his treatment device, and hence the doctor had to grant licenses to other companies that would compete with the original license holder. The company filed a case in the court claiming that the patent holder breached clauses of the contract. However, the Court felt that the company had adopted certain anticompetitive principles that did not promote the patent. Patent holders are trying to maximize their monopoly, by indulging in anticompetitive acts. Often there is a clash between patent laws and antitrust laws. Patent laws provide the holder with rights to eliminate competition, whereas antitrust laws enable protection of healthy business competition practices. A clear border line has to be drawn between these two conflicting legal regimes. In the case Illinois Tools Works V. Independent Ink, the question of the manufacturer having a market power over a patented product or process could be presumed whilst granting the patent, was being asked. A patent holder may hold so much of powers in the market such that he/she may dominate the scene. A patent holder will usually violate antirust laws if he or she feels that they are in a situation to dominate the market. In this case, Illinois printers invented a printing device and had prohibited the customers from using non-patented ink. The defendant felt that such terms were against the true spirits of competition, and were under the impression that Illinois tool works were trying to dominate the market situation. It may be difficult in such a case to determine the party that would carry the burden of proof. The patent holder had tried to extend his patent. In this manner, they had created both, primary and secondary market rivals. The primary rivals included other manufacturers of printers, and the secondary rivals included other manufacturers of printer inks. The court gave its decision in favor of Independent Ink, citing that patents could not be extended to non-patentable areas. A patent had only specific boundaries, and crossing such boundaries constituted infringement. In another case, Schering-Plough held a patent for a drug. A company that manufactured a generic version of the same drug felt that the original company’s patent was invalid. They wanted to file for a patent opposition, but Schering-Plough decided to pay the generic drug manufacturers to withdraw the case and also stay out of the market for some period. Federal Trade Commission filed a case before the Supreme Court, saying that Schering-Plough was trying to destroy all competition in the market by wrongfully preserving its invalid monopoly. The Court felt that the agreement between Schering-Plough and the generic manufacturers was invalid and was executed to destroy competition in the market. Patent laws should make it easier to obtain a compulsory license in case the patentee wrongfully suppresses the invetion from the public. A compulsory license should be given to anybody in case:- The patentee is unable to meet the reasonable requirements of the public with relation to his patented process or product. †¢ The patentee does not make the invention available to the public at an affordable cost. †¢ The invention is not being worked in the jurisdiction of the patent office. †¢ Special considerations should be given to inventions that relate to public health and nutrition, and emergency situations. Compulsory license should be a sanction (for the patentee) and a remedy (for the public); in case the patentee indulges in anticompetitive practices. The concept of compulsory licenses developed following the African AIDS crisis situation. The continent was in a crisis situation with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A few companies such as Glaxo, Merck, etc held a patent for an antiretroviral drug which could be life-saving for people suffering from HIV/AIDS. However, these companies had indulged in several anticompetitive practices. The cost of treating each AIDS patients in Africa was exceedingly high (US$ 10,000 per patient per year). Hence, the drugs were inaccessible for many poor patients who belonged to underdeveloped nations. Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical company volunteered to supply the drug at a fraction of the overall costs the other companies were offering (US $ 350 per year per patient). Some of the African Nations had to modify its trade laws so that parallel imports and compulsory licenses could exist. However, the original companies that held the patents for antiviral drugs began to sue for infringement. These companies had to later withdraw their infringement cases, as there was a worldwide agitation against the anti-public health policies adopted by the patent holders. Later, at the WTO conference in Doha, a comprehensive agreement to protect public health issues was adopted to prevent unhealthy practices by the patent holders (through compulsory licenses). Some people feel that the patent system can create an obstruction in the development of science and technology, as instances of nonuse often arise. Once a patent is granted, it may even prevent others from inventing around a particular invention or inventive concept. This will seriously hinder the developments in that particular field. Inventors, who tend to sit on their inventions by refusing access to the public, should be henceforth refused patents.